lisciviazione acida
type: NamedIndividual
type: HydrometallurgicalProcess
type: Leaching
label: acid leaching @en

aria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: air @en
comment: Miscela ~78% N2, 21% O2, gas inerti minori.
physical state: gas

compressione e prefiltrazione aria
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: air compression and prefiltration @en

separazione aria
type: NamedIndividual
type: GasSeparation
label: air separation @en
alternative label: ASU @en
alternative label: cryogenic air separation @en

Filiera ASU separazione aria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Air Separation Unit pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera ASU
alternative label: filiera separazione aria
hidden label: filiera_asu
hidden label: filiera_separazione_aria

alite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Fase principale del clinker Portland, responsabile della resistenza precoce.
alternative label: C3S @en
alternative label: silicato tricalcico
hidden label: c3s
formula: 3CaO·SiO2

alluminio
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: aluminium @en
hidden label: alluminio
cas number: 7429-90-5
formula: Al
molar mass: 26.982
physical state: solid

idrossido di alluminio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: aluminium hydroxide @en
hidden label: idrossido_di_alluminio
cas number: 21645-51-2
formula: Al(OH)3
molar mass: 78.00
physical state: solid

ossido di alluminio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
type: RawMaterial
label: aluminium oxide @en
alternative label: Al2O3 @en
alternative label: alumina @en
alternative label: allumina
hidden label: al2o3
hidden label: allumina
hidden label: ossido_di_alluminio
cas number: 1344-28-1
formula: Al2O3
molar mass: 101.96
physical state: solid

ammoniaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: ammonia @en
alternative label: NH3 @en
hidden label: nh3
cas number: 7664-41-7
formula: NH3
molar mass: 17.031
physical state: gas

saturazione ammoniaca-salamoia
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: ammonia-brine saturation @en

ossidazione catalitica NH3
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: ammonia catalytic oxidation @en

Filiera ammoniaca Haber-Bosch + urea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Ammonia Haber-Bosch + urea pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera ammoniaca
alternative label: filiera urea
hidden label: filiera_ammoniaca
hidden label: filiera_urea

recupero ammoniaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: ammonia recovery @en

reattore sintesi ammoniaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: ammonia synthesis reactor @en

salamoia ammoniacale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: ammoniated brine @en

bicarbonato di ammonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: ammonium bicarbonate @en
formula: NH4HCO3
physical state: solid

carbammato di ammonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: ammonium carbamate @en
comment: Intermedio reversibile nella sintesi urea.
formula: H2N-COO-NH4

cloruro di ammonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: ammonium chloride @en
alternative label: NH4Cl @en
hidden label: nh4cl
formula: NH4Cl
molar mass: 53.49
physical state: solid

ammonio nitrato
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: ammonium nitrate @en
alternative label: NH4NO3 @en
alternative label: nitrato di ammonio
hidden label: nh4no3
formula: NH4NO3
molar mass: 80.04
physical state: solid

Filiera ammonio nitrato
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Ammonium nitrate pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera ammonio nitrato
hidden label: filiera_ammonio_nitrato
hidden label: filiera_nh4no3

solfato d'ammonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: ammonium sulfate @en
comment: Fertilizzante azotato secondario da NH3 grezza del coke + H2SO4.
formula: (NH4)2SO4

ossidazione Amoco Mid-Century
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: Amoco/Mid-Century oxidation @en

lehr di ricottura
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: annealing lehr @en

lehr (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: annealing lehr (apparatus) @en

anode slime
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
comment: Residuo anodico ricco in Au, Ag, Pt nell'elettroraffinazione del rame.

argon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
formula: Ar
molar mass: 39.948

autoclave
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
comment: Reattore pressurizzato a chiusura ermetica, usato nella digestione del processo Bayer.

mulino a sfere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: ball mill @en

pesatura e miscelazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: batching and mixing @en

bauxite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
alternative label: minerale di alluminio
formula: Al2O3·nH2O (+ Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2)
physical state: solid

Filiera bauxite-alluminio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Bauxite-to-Aluminium pipeline @en
hidden label: filiera_bauxite_a_alluminio

Processo Bayer
type: NamedIndividual
type: HydrometallurgicalProcess
label: Bayer process @en

belite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Fase del clinker responsabile della resistenza tardiva.
alternative label: C2S @en
alternative label: silicato bicalcico
hidden label: c2s
formula: 2CaO·SiO2

benzene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
formula: C6H6
molar mass: 78.11
physical state: liquid

benzolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: benzole @en
comment: Frazione aromatica leggera (benzene+toluene+xylene) dal coke.

bis(2-idrossietil) tereftalato
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: BHET @en
comment: Monomero intermedio del PET, da esterificazione PTA + EG.
formula: HOCH2CH2-OOC-C6H4-COO-CH2CH2OH

calcinazione del bicarbonato
type: NamedIndividual
type: Calcination
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: bicarbonate calcination @en

altoforno
type: NamedIndividual
type: BlastFurnaceProcess
label: blast furnace @en

altoforno (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: blast furnace (apparatus) @en

gas di altoforno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: blast furnace gas @en
comment: Off-gas dell'altoforno (CO 22-28%, CO2 22%, N2 50%), valore calorico ~3-4 MJ/Nm3, ricircolato come fuel.

GGBFS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
comment: Silicati di calcio fusi dall'altoforno; valorizzati come additivo nei cementi blended.
alternative label: blast furnace slag @en
alternative label: loppa altoforno
alternative label: scoria altoforno
hidden label: scoria_altoforno

blisterCopper
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
alternative label: blister copper
hidden label: blister_cu
formula: Cu 98-99%

bloom
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
comment: Semilavorato di acciaio a sezione quadrata grande.

convertitore BOF
type: NamedIndividual
type: BasicOxygenFurnaceProcess
label: BOF converter @en
alternative label: LD @en
alternative label: Linz-Donawitz @en

scoria BOF
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
label: BOF slag @en

salamoia
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: brine @en
comment: Soluzione concentrata di cloruro di sodio in acqua.
alternative label: soluzione NaCl

BTX
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
comment: Miscela aromatica di benzene, toluene e xilene byproduct di steam cracking.
alternative label: benzene-toluene-xilene

butadiene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
alternative label: 1,3-butadiene @en
formula: C4H6
molar mass: 54.09
physical state: gas

butileni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: butenes @en
formula: C4H8 (mix isomeri)

impianto sottoprodotti coke
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: by-product plant @en

C2 splitter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
comment: Colonna di separazione finale etilene/etano.

Calcinazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: Calcination @en

meal calcinato
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: calcined meal @en
comment: Raw meal dopo decarbonatazione nel precalciner; principalmente CaO + SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3.

CaCl2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
alternative label: calcium chloride @en
alternative label: cloruro di calcio
hidden label: cloruro_di_calcio
formula: CaCl2
molar mass: 110.98
physical state: solid

anidride carbonica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: carbon dioxide @en
alternative label: CO2 @en
hidden label: anidride_carbonica
hidden label: co2_gas
cas number: 124-38-9
formula: CO2
molar mass: 44.009
physical state: gas

monossido di carbonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
type: Intermediate
label: carbon monoxide @en
hidden label: co
hidden label: monossido_di_carbonio
cas number: 630-08-0
formula: CO
molar mass: 28.010
physical state: gas

carbonatazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: carbonation @en
alternative label: Solvay tower @en
alternative label: torre Solvay

Riduzione carbotermica
type: NamedIndividual
type: CarbothermicReduction
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: Carbothermic reduction @en

convertitore catalitico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: catalytic converter @en
comment: Reattore a letti catalitici per la produzione di acido solforico (doppio contatto, catalisi V2O5).

epossidazione catalitica
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: catalytic epoxidation @en

cella a membrana cationica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: cation-exchange membrane cell @en
comment: Variante di cella elettrolitica usata nell'elettrolisi cloro-soda moderna.

calcopirite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: chalcopyrite @en
comment: Principale minerale di rame, contiene rame, ferro e zolfo.
hidden label: calcopirite
cas number: 1308-56-1
formula: CuFeS2
molar mass: 183.52
physical state: solid

Elettrolisi cloro-soda
type: NamedIndividual
type: AqueousElectrolysis
type: ElectrolyticProcess
label: Chlor-alkali electrolysis @en

cloro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: chlorine @en
hidden label: cloro
cas number: 7782-50-5
formula: Cl2
molar mass: 70.906
physical state: gas

argilla
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: clay @en
comment: Fonte di SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 nel raw meal di cemento.

clinker
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Granuli di fasi mineralogiche (alite, belite, aluminato, ferrite) usciti dal forno rotante.

raffreddamento clinker
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: clinker cooling @en

rimozione CO2
type: NamedIndividual
type: GasSeparation
label: CO2 removal @en
alternative label: amine scrubbing @en

Co/Mn/Br catalyst Amoco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
comment: Catalizzatore per ossidazione p-xilene a PTA.

carbone
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: coal @en
alternative label: coking coal @en
alternative label: carbone coking

preparazione e miscelazione carbone
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: coal preparation and blending @en

tar di carbone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: coal tar @en
comment: Miscela aromatica liquida byproduct della cokefication.

coke
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
comment: Carbone polverizzato iniettato dalle tuyere dell'altoforno come sostituto parziale del coke.
alternative label: carbon @en
alternative label: pulverized coal injection @en
alternative label: antracite
alternative label: carbone polverizzato PCI
alternative label: carbonio
alternative label: coke metallurgico
hidden label: carbon
hidden label: carbone_pci
hidden label: carbonio
hidden label: coke_metallurgico
cas number: 7440-44-0
formula: C
molar mass: 12.011
physical state: solid

Filiera coke da carbone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Coke from coal pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera coke
hidden label: filiera_coke

coke oven gas COG
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: coke oven gas @en
comment: Gas illuminante della cokefication, ~50% H2 + 25% CH4.

batteria di forni a coke
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: coking battery @en

compressione e caustic wash
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: compression and caustic wash @en

condensazione e separazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: condensation and separation @en

colatrice continua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: continuous caster @en

colata continua
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: continuous casting @en

Conversione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: Converting @en

convertitore BOF (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment

rame
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: copper @en
hidden label: rame
cas number: 7440-50-8
formula: Cu
molar mass: 63.546
physical state: solid

concentrato di rame
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: copper concentrate @en
formula: CuFeS2 (20-30% Cu)

Filiera rame pirometallurgico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Copper pyrometallurgy pipeline @en
hidden label: filiera_rame_pirometallurgico

solfato di rame
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: copper sulfate @en
formula: CuSO4

Cowper stove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
comment: Stove rigenerativo per preriscaldare l'aria di soffiata dell'altoforno.

forno di cracking
type: NamedIndividual
type: CrackingFurnaceProcess
label: cracking furnace @en

forno di cracking (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: cracking furnace (apparatus) @en

frantumazione e vagliatura
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: crushing and screening @en

colonna criogenica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: cryogenic column @en

liquefazione e distillazione criogenica
type: NamedIndividual
type: CryogenicDistillation
label: cryogenic liquefaction and distillation @en

separazione criogenica
type: NamedIndividual
type: CryogenicDistillation
label: cryogenic separation @en

criolite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: cryolite @en
comment: Solvente per Al2O3 nell'elettrolisi Hall-Héroult; consumo molto basso, sostanzialmente ricircolata.
alternative label: esafluoroalluminato di sodio
hidden label: criolite
cas number: 15096-52-3
formula: Na3AlF6
molar mass: 209.94
physical state: molten

catalizzatore Cu/ZnO/Al2O3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore per sintesi metanolo da syngas.

cullet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
comment: Vetro frantumato di recupero, riciclato nel batch di fusione per ridurre energia.
alternative label: frantumi di vetro
alternative label: vetro di recupero

taglio e imballaggio
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: cutting and packing @en

torre cicloni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: cyclone preheater tower @en

Filiera fosfati DAP/MAP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: DAP/MAP fertilizer pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera DAP/MAP
alternative label: filiera fosfati ammoniacali
hidden label: filiera_dap_map
hidden label: filiera_fosfati_ammoniacali

deetanizzatore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: deethanizer @en

di-glicole etilenico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: DEG @en
alternative label: diethylene glycol @en
formula: HOCH2CH2-O-CH2CH2OH

demetanizzatore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: demethanizer @en

demineralizzazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: demineralization @en

acqua demineralizzata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: deionized water @en
alternative label: DI water @en
alternative label: ultra-pure water @en
formula: H2O ultra-pure

depropanizzatore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: depropanizer @en

DAP fosfato biammonico
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: diammonium phosphate @en
formula: (NH4)2HPO4

Digestione ad autoclave
type: NamedIndividual
type: HydrometallurgicalProcess
comment: Sotto-stadio del processo Bayer.

dimetil etere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: dimethyl ether @en
alternative label: DME @en
formula: CH3-O-CH3

esterificazione diretta
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: direct esterification @en

dolomite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
formula: CaMg(CO3)2
molar mass: 184.40
physical state: solid

shaft furnace DRI
type: NamedIndividual
type: ShaftFurnaceProcess
label: DRI shaft furnace @en

catena di sinterizzazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Dwight-Lloyd sinter strand @en

EAF fusione
type: NamedIndividual
type: ElectricArcFurnaceProcess
label: EAF melting @en

scoria EAF
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: EAF slag @en
comment: Scoria del forno elettrico ad arco, valorizzabile come aggregato edile.

1,2-dicloroetano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: EDC @en
alternative label: dichloroethane @en
alternative label: ethylene dichloride @en
formula: ClCH2-CH2Cl
molar mass: 98.96
physical state: liquid

clorurazione EDC
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: EDC chlorination @en
alternative label: oxychlorination @en

pirolisi EDC a VCM
type: NamedIndividual
type: CrackingFurnaceProcess
label: EDC pyrolysis to VCM @en

distillazione EG
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: EG distillation @en

cella elettrolitica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: electrolytic cell @en
comment: Cella per processi di elettrolisi (cloro-soda, Hall-Héroult, elettroraffinazione).
alternative label: celle elettrolitiche

electrorefining
type: NamedIndividual
type: AqueousElectrolysis
type: ElectrolyticProcess
alternative label: Electrorefining @en
alternative label: Elettroraffinazione
hidden label: elettroraffinazione

Filiera ossido di etilene + glicole etilenico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: EO+EG pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera OE+EG
hidden label: filiera_oe_eg

idratazione OE
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: EO hydration @en

separazione OE
type: NamedIndividual
type: GasSeparation
label: EO separation @en

C2H6
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
alternative label: ethane @en
alternative label: etano
hidden label: etano
cas number: 74-84-0
formula: C2H6
molar mass: 30.07
physical state: gas

C2H4
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
alternative label: ethene @en
alternative label: ethylene @en
alternative label: etene
alternative label: etilene
hidden label: etilene
cas number: 74-85-1
formula: C2H4
molar mass: 28.054
physical state: gas

EG
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
alternative label: MEG @en
alternative label: ethylene glycol @en
alternative label: mono-ethylene glycol @en
alternative label: glicole etilenico
hidden label: glicole_etilenico
hidden label: meg
cas number: 107-21-1
formula: HOCH2CH2OH
molar mass: 62.07
physical state: liquid

EO
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
alternative label: OE @en
alternative label: ethylene oxide @en
alternative label: epossietano
alternative label: ossido di etilene
hidden label: oe
hidden label: ossido_di_etilene
cas number: 75-21-8
formula: C2H4O
molar mass: 44.05
physical state: gas

Filiera etilene da steam cracking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Ethylene steam cracking pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera etilene
alternative label: filiera steam cracking
hidden label: filiera_etilene
hidden label: filiera_steam_cracking

concentrazione per evaporazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: evaporation concentration @en

catalizzatore Fe Haber-Bosch
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Fe Haber catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore per la sintesi N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3.
formula: Fe magnetite + K2O + Al2O3 + CaO

filtrazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: filtration @en

filtrazione e lavaggio
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: filtration and washing @en

macinazione finale
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: final grinding @en

forno flash
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: flash smelting furnace @en
comment: Forno flash per smelting/arrostimento integrato dei solfuri di rame.

vetro float
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: float glass @en
comment: Vetro silicato soda-calcico in lastra piana, prodotto Pilkington.
alternative label: soda-lime glass @en
alternative label: vetro piano

Flottazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: Flotation @en

cella di flottazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: flotation cell @en
comment: Cella meccanica o pneumatica per la concentrazione dei solfuri metallici.

calcinatore a letto fluido
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: fluid bed calciner @en
comment: Calcinatore stazionario usato per la decomposizione termica dell'idrossido di alluminio.
alternative label: calcinatore

fluorapatite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
alternative label: phosphate rock @en
alternative label: roccia fosfatica
hidden label: roccia_fosfatica
formula: Ca5(PO4)3F

abbattimento fluoro
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: fluoride scrubbing @en

fluorite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
comment: Fluidificante della scoria nel BOF.
alternative label: CaF2 @en
hidden label: caf2
formula: CaF2

acido fluosilicico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: fluosilicic acid @en
comment: Byproduct valorizzato della filiera H3PO4, usato per fluorurazione acqua.
formula: H2SiF6
molar mass: 144.09

ceneri volanti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: fly ash @en
comment: Pozzolana di origine carbone, additivo nel cemento blended.

formaldeide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: formaldehyde @en
formula: HCHO
molar mass: 30.03

fuel-gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: fuel gas @en
comment: Miscela H2 + CH4 ricircolata come combustibile del forno di cracking.

acido nitrico fumante
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: fuming nitric acid @en
comment: HNO3 concentrato >96% w/w.

galena
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
comment: Principale minerale di Pb, solfuro.
alternative label: PbS @en
hidden label: pbs
formula: PbS
molar mass: 239.27
physical state: solid

gangue silicatica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste

separazione gas-H2O
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: gas-H2O separation @en

miscela vetrificabile
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: glass batch @en
comment: Miscela omogeneizzata di sabbia + soda + calcare + dolomite + correttivi + cullet.
alternative label: batch vetro

elettrodi di grafite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: graphite electrodes @en
comment: Elettrodi consumabili per EAF, ~3 kg/t acciaio.

raffreddatore a griglia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: grate cooler @en

idrogeno verde
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: green hydrogen @en
comment: H2 prodotto da elettrolisi acqua con elettricità rinnovabile.
formula: H2

Filiera idrogeno verde PEM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Green hydrogen PEM pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera H2 verde
alternative label: filiera idrogeno
hidden label: filiera_h2_verde
hidden label: filiera_idrogeno

CaSO4·2H2O
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
comment: Aggiunto in macinazione finale per ritardare la presa del C3A.
alternative label: gypsum @en
alternative label: gesso
hidden label: gesso
cas number: 10101-41-4
formula: CaSO4·2H2O
molar mass: 172.17
physical state: solid

combustione controllata H2+Cl2
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: H2+Cl2 controlled combustion @en

purificazione H2
type: NamedIndividual
type: GasSeparation
label: H2 purification @en

Haber-Bosch
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
alternative label: ammonia synthesis @en
alternative label: sintesi ammoniaca
hidden label: sintesi_ammoniaca

Hall-Héroult
type: NamedIndividual
type: ElectrolyticProcess
type: MoltenSaltElectrolysis
label: Hall-Héroult process @en

assorbimento HCl
type: NamedIndividual
type: AbsorptionColumnProcess
label: HCl absorption @en

polietilene alta densità
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: HDPE @en
comment: Polietilene lineare ad alta densità (0.94-0.97 g/cm3), da catalisi Ziegler-Natta.
alternative label: high-density polyethylene @en
formula: (C2H4)n, lineare
physical state: solid

polimerizzazione HDPE
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
type: PolymerizationReactorProcess
label: HDPE polymerization @en

ematite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: hematite @en
alternative label: Fe2O3 @en
alternative label: iron ore @en
alternative label: minerale di ferro
hidden label: fe2o3_ematite
cas number: 1309-37-1
formula: Fe2O3
molar mass: 159.69
physical state: solid

catalizzatore HTS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: high-temperature shift catalyst @en
formula: Fe2O3 + Cr2O3

concentrazione HNO3
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: HNO3 concentration @en

calce idratata
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
type: Intermediate
label: hydrated lime @en
alternative label: Ca(OH)2 @en
alternative label: calcium hydroxide @en
alternative label: slaked lime @en
alternative label: calce spenta
alternative label: idrossido di calcio
hidden label: caoh2
hidden label: idrossido_di_calcio
formula: Ca(OH)2
molar mass: 74.09
physical state: solid

Filiera calce idratata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Hydrated lime pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera calce
alternative label: filiera calce idratata
hidden label: filiera_calce
hidden label: filiera_calce_idratata

acido cloridrico
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: hydrochloric acid @en
alternative label: HCl @en
alternative label: muriatic acid @en
alternative label: acido muriatico
hidden label: hcl
cas number: 7647-01-0
formula: HCl
molar mass: 36.46
physical state: liquid

idrogeno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: hydrogen @en
hidden label: idrogeno
cas number: 1333-74-0
formula: H2
molar mass: 2.016
physical state: gas

acido fluoridrico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: hydrogen fluoride @en
formula: HF
molar mass: 20.01

altoforno Imperial Smelting
type: NamedIndividual
type: BlastFurnaceProcess
label: Imperial Smelting blast furnace @en

Filiera HCl industriale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Industrial HCl pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera HCl
hidden label: filiera_hcl

catalizzatore IrO2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: IrO2 catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore anodico PEM electrolysis.
formula: IrO2

ossido di ferro(III)
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
type: Waste
label: iron(III) oxide @en
alternative label: ossido di ferro(III) cemento
hidden label: fe2o3_alias
formula: Fe2O3

ossido di ferro(II)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
label: iron(II) oxide @en
comment: Componente delle scorie di smelting del rame.
formula: FeO
molar mass: 71.844
physical state: solid

pellet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: iron ore pellet @en
comment: Pellet sferici di Fe2O3 cotti per la riduzione diretta.

pelletizzazione Fe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pelletizing
label: iron ore pelletizing @en

sinterizzazione ISP
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
type: Roasting
label: ISP sintering @en

jarosite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
comment: Residuo della lisciviazione Zn, contiene Fe + metalli minori.
formula: K[Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] o varianti Na/H

polietilene bassa densità
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: LDPE @en
comment: Polietilene ramificato a bassa densità (0.91-0.93 g/cm3), da polimerizzazione radicalica ad alta pressione.
alternative label: low-density polyethylene @en
formula: (C2H4)n, ramificato
physical state: solid

polimerizzazione LDPE
type: NamedIndividual
type: PolymerizationReactorProcess
label: LDPE polymerization @en

Pb
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
alternative label: lead @en
alternative label: piombo
hidden label: piombo
formula: Pb
molar mass: 207.2
physical state: solid

Filiera piombo Imperial Smelting
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Lead Imperial Smelting pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera piombo
hidden label: filiera_piombo

ossido di piombo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: lead oxide @en
alternative label: PbO @en
hidden label: pbo
formula: PbO

deargentazione e raffinazione Pb
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: lead refining @en

calce
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: lime @en
alternative label: CaO @en
alternative label: calcium oxide @en
alternative label: quicklime @en
alternative label: calce viva
alternative label: ossido di calcio
hidden label: calce_viva
hidden label: cao
cas number: 1305-78-8
formula: CaO
molar mass: 56.08
physical state: solid

spegnimento slaking
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: lime slaking @en

CaCO3
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
alternative label: calcium carbonate @en
alternative label: limestone @en
alternative label: calcare
alternative label: carbonato di calcio
hidden label: calcare
cas number: 1317-65-3
formula: CaCO3
molar mass: 100.09
physical state: solid

calcinazione del calcare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Calcination
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: limestone calcination @en

catalizzatore LTS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: low-temperature shift catalyst @en
formula: CuO + ZnO + Al2O3

carbonato di magnesio
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: magnesium carbonate @en
formula: MgCO3

ossido di magnesio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: magnesium oxide @en
comment: Da decarbonatazione di MgCO3 nella calcinazione del calcare dolomitico.
formula: MgO

magnetite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
formula: Fe3O4
molar mass: 231.53
physical state: solid

matte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Solfuri di rame e ferro intermedi nella pirometallurgia del Cu.
formula: Cu2S + FeS (matte solidi/liquidi)

MDEA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
comment: Solvente amminico per absorbimento selettivo CO2 nella filiera NH3.
alternative label: amDEA @en
alternative label: metildietanolammina

colonna MDEA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: MDEA absorber @en

Filiera silicio metallurgico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Metallurgical silicon pipeline @en
hidden label: filiera_silicio_metallurgico

CH4
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
alternative label: methane @en
alternative label: natural gas @en
alternative label: gas naturale
alternative label: metano
hidden label: gas_naturale
hidden label: metano
cas number: 74-82-8
formula: CH4
molar mass: 16.04
physical state: gas

CH3OH
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
alternative label: methanol @en
alternative label: metanolo
hidden label: metanolo
cas number: 67-56-1
formula: CH3OH
molar mass: 32.04
physical state: liquid

distillazione metanolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: methanol distillation @en

Filiera metanolo da syngas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Methanol from syngas pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera metanolo
hidden label: filiera_metanolo

sintesi metanolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: methanol synthesis @en

macinazione e omogeneizzazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: milling and homogenization @en

mixing e preriscaldamento
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: mixing and preheating @en

vetro fuso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: molten glass @en
comment: Vetro silicato in fase liquida ad alta temperatura (1500-1550 °C).

stagno fuso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: molten tin @en
comment: Stagno liquido come supporto per il vetro float; ricircolato 100% (consumo netto trascurabile).
cas number: 7440-31-5
formula: Sn
molar mass: 118.71
physical state: molten

MAP fosfato monoammonico
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: monoammonium phosphate @en
formula: NH4H2PO4

compressore multistadio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: multi-stage compressor @en

atmosfera N2+H2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: N2+H2 atmosphere @en
comment: Miscela protettiva ridotta sopra il bagno di stagno (95% N2, 5% H2).

membrana Nafion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Nafion membrane @en
comment: Membrana polimerica perfluorosolfonata per celle PEM.

nafta
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: naphtha @en
comment: Frazione petrolifera liquida da raffineria, mix di idrocarburi C5-C9; feedstock principale del cracking europeo.
alternative label: frazione petrolifera C5-C9

neutralizzazione NH3 + HNO3
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: NH3 + HNO3 neutralization @en

concentrazione NH4NO3
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: NH4NO3 concentration @en

catalizzatore Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Ni catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore per steam reforming.
formula: Ni su alfa-Al2O3

separazione Ni-Cu
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: Ni-Cu separation @en

elettrolisi Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: AqueousElectrolysis
label: Ni electrorefining @en

flottazione Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: Ni flotation @en

conversione matte Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: Ni matte conversion @en

smelting matte Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: Ni matte smelting @en

arrostimento Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Roasting
label: Ni roasting @en

Ni
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
alternative label: nickel @en
alternative label: nichel
hidden label: nichel
formula: Ni
molar mass: 58.69
physical state: solid

matte di nichel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: nickel matte @en
comment: Matte solfurata Ni-Cu della fusione.
formula: Ni3S2 + Cu2S + FeS

Filiera nichel da solfuri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Nickel sulfide pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera nichel
hidden label: filiera_nichel

acido nitrico
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: nitric acid @en
alternative label: HNO3 @en
hidden label: hno3
cas number: 7697-37-2
formula: HNO3
molar mass: 63.01
physical state: liquid

Filiera acido nitrico Ostwald
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Nitric acid Ostwald pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera Ostwald
alternative label: filiera acido nitrico
hidden label: filiera_acido_nitrico
hidden label: filiera_ostwald

monossido di azoto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: nitric oxide @en
alternative label: NO @en
alternative label: ossido di azoto
hidden label: no
cas number: 10102-43-9
formula: NO
molar mass: 30.01
physical state: gas

azoto
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: nitrogen @en
alternative label: N2 @en
hidden label: n2
cas number: 7727-37-9
formula: N2
molar mass: 28.014
physical state: gas

diossido di azoto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: nitrogen dioxide @en
alternative label: NO2 @en
alternative label: biossido di azoto
hidden label: no2
cas number: 10102-44-0
formula: NO2
molar mass: 46.01
physical state: gas

N2O
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
comment: Gas serra con GWP 265x CO2; byproduct indesiderato dell'ossidazione NH3, abbattuto con DeN2O catalitica.
alternative label: nitrous oxide @en
alternative label: ossido di diazoto
alternative label: protossido di azoto
hidden label: ossido_diazoto
formula: N2O

assorbimento NO2
type: NamedIndividual
type: AbsorptionColumnProcess
label: NO2 absorption @en

ossidazione secondaria NO
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: NO secondary oxidation @en

torre di assorbimento NOx
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: NOx absorption tower @en

oleum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
alternative label: H2S2O7 @en
alternative label: acido solforico fumante
formula: H2S2O7

ossigeno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
type: Utility
label: oxygen @en
alternative label: oxygen electrolysis byproduct @en
alternative label: ossigeno byproduct elettrolisi
hidden label: ossigeno
hidden label: ossigeno_byproduct
formula: O2

pentaossido di fosforo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: P2O5 @en
formula: P2O5

p-xilene
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: p-xylene @en
comment: Materia prima per PTA, dal reformer catalitico o BTX di steam cracking.
formula: p-CH3-C6H4-CH3
molar mass: 106.17
physical state: liquid

pelletizzazione PE
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: PE pelletizing @en

convertitore Peirce-Smith
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Peirce-Smith converter @en
comment: Convertitore pirometallurgico per la conversione della matte a blister copper.

elettrolisi PEM
type: NamedIndividual
type: AqueousElectrolysis
label: PEM electrolysis @en

pentlandite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
formula: (Ni,Fe)9S8
physical state: solid

perossido
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: peroxide initiator @en
comment: Iniziatore radicalico per LDPE high-pressure.

polietilene tereftalato
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: PET @en
comment: Poliestere termoplastico, materia prima bottiglie + fibre poliestere.
alternative label: polyethylene terephthalate @en
alternative label: poliestere
formula: (C10H8O4)n
physical state: solid

policondensazione PET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Polycondensation
label: PET polycondensation @en

Filiera PET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: PET polymer pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera PET
hidden label: filiera_pet

granulazione e essiccazione fosfati
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: phosphate granulation and drying @en

pre-neutralizzazione fosfati
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: phosphate pre-neutralization @en

solfato di calcio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
label: calcium sulfate @en
comment: Waste della filiera H3PO4, ~5 kg/kg P2O5 prodotto.
alternative label: phosphogypsum @en
alternative label: fosfogesso
hidden label: fosfogesso
formula: CaSO4·2H2O
formula: CaSO4·2H2O (con tracce radio)

acido fosforico
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: phosphoric acid @en
alternative label: H3PO4 @en
hidden label: h3po4
cas number: 7664-38-2
formula: H3PO4
molar mass: 97.99
physical state: liquid

Filiera acido fosforico wet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Phosphoric acid wet process pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera acido fosforico
alternative label: filiera fosforico
hidden label: filiera_acido_fosforico
hidden label: filiera_fosforico

ghisa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: cast iron @en
label: pig iron @en
comment: Lega Fe-C con C ~4%, prodotto liquido dell'altoforno.
hidden label: pig_iron
physical state: solid

Filiera vetro float Pilkington
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Pilkington float glass pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera Pilkington
alternative label: filiera vetro float
hidden label: filiera_pilkington
hidden label: filiera_vetro_float

PE
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
alternative label: polyethylene @en
alternative label: polietilene
hidden label: polietilene
formula: (C2H4)n
physical state: solid

Filiera polietilene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Polyethylene pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera PE
alternative label: filiera polietilene
hidden label: filiera_pe
hidden label: filiera_polietilene

polipropilene
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: polypropylene @en
alternative label: PP @en
alternative label: PP isotattico
hidden label: pp
formula: (C3H6)n
physical state: solid

Filiera polipropilene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Polypropylene pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera PP
alternative label: filiera polipropilene
hidden label: filiera_polipropilene
hidden label: filiera_pp

cemento Portland
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: Portland cement @en
comment: Cemento idraulico finale, ottenuto macinando clinker + gesso + additivi.
alternative label: OPC @en
alternative label: cemento OPC

Filiera cemento Portland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Portland cement pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera cemento
hidden label: filiera_cemento

pelletizzazione PP
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: PP pelletizing @en

polimerizzazione PP Ziegler-Natta
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
type: PolymerizationReactorProcess
label: PP Ziegler-Natta polymerization @en

precalciner
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment

preriscaldatore + precalciner
type: NamedIndividual
type: Calcination
label: preheater + precalciner @en

preriscaldamento e compressione
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: preheating and compression @en

preriscaldo e mixing
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: preheating and mixing @en

prilling e granulazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: prilling and granulation @en

torre di prilling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: prilling tower @en

C3H6
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
alternative label: propylene @en
alternative label: propene
alternative label: propilene
hidden label: propilene
formula: C3H6
molar mass: 42.08
physical state: gas

catalizzatore Pt/C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Pt/C catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore catodico PEM electrolysis.

catalizzatore Pt-Rh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Pt-Rh gauze catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore a rete metallica per ossidazione NH3 a NO.
alternative label: gauzes Pt-Rh @en
alternative label: rete Pt-Rh
formula: Pt 90% + Rh 10%

reattore a gauzes Pt-Rh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Pt-Rh gauze reactor @en

acido tereftalico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: PTA @en
alternative label: purified terephthalic acid @en
hidden label: acido_tereftalico
formula: p-HOOC-C6H4-COOH
molar mass: 166.13
physical state: solid

cloruro di polivinile
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: PVC @en
alternative label: polyvinyl chloride @en
formula: (C2H3Cl)n
physical state: solid

Filiera PVC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: PVC polymer pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera PVC
hidden label: filiera_pvc

olio di pirolisi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: pyrolysis oil @en
comment: Frazione liquida C9+ aromatica byproduct del cracking, usata come fuel o feedstock secondario.
alternative label: PyOil @en

cava ed estrazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: quarrying @en

raw meal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Miscela macinata di calcare + argilla + correttivi prima del preriscaldo.
alternative label: farina cruda

fango rosso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Waste
label: red mud @en
comment: Residuo idrometallurgico del processo Bayer, fortemente alcalino.
alternative label: bauxite residue @en
hidden label: fango_rosso
formula: Fe2O3 + SiO2 + TiO2 + residui NaOH
physical state: aqueous

forno regenerativo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: regenerative furnace @en
comment: Forno a riverbero a bacino con regeneratori ceramici a checker.

fusione in forno regenerativo
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: regenerative furnace melting @en

Arrostimento
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
type: Roasting
label: Roasting @en

macinazione roccia
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalSeparation
label: rock milling @en

forno rotante
type: NamedIndividual
type: RotaryKilnProcess
label: rotary kiln @en

forno rotante (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: rotary kiln (apparatus) @en

torre di saturazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: saturation tower @en

Sb2O3 catalizzatore PET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Sb2O3 PET catalyst @en
formula: Sb2O3

rottame
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: scrap @en
comment: Ferro/acciaio di recupero, raffredda il bagno del BOF.

silice
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: silica @en
alternative label: silica sand @en
alternative label: biossido di silicio
alternative label: quarzo
alternative label: sabbia silicea
hidden label: quarzo
hidden label: sabbia
hidden label: silice
cas number: 7631-86-9
formula: SiO2
molar mass: 60.084
physical state: solid

silicio
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: silicon @en
hidden label: silicio
cas number: 7440-21-3
formula: Si
molar mass: 28.085
physical state: solid

tetrafluoruro di silicio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: silicon tetrafluoride @en
formula: SiF4

catalizzatore argento
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: silver catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore per epossidazione etilene ad OE.
formula: Ag/Al2O3 + Cs + Re

sinter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Agglomerato poroso di minerale di ferro, coke fine e calcare prodotto dalla sinterizzazione.

sinterizzazione
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
label: sintering @en

slab
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
comment: Semilavorato di acciaio piatto dalla colata continua, destinato a laminazione a caldo.

conversione catalitica SO2
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
label: SO2 catalytic conversion @en
alternative label: double contact process @en

assorbimento SO3
type: NamedIndividual
type: AbsorptionColumnProcess
label: SO3 absorption @en

carbonato di sodio
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: sodium carbonate @en
alternative label: Na2CO3 @en
alternative label: soda ash @en
alternative label: soda Solvay
alternative label: soda calcinata
hidden label: na2co3
hidden label: soda_ash
cas number: 497-19-8
formula: Na2CO3
molar mass: 105.99
physical state: solid

bicarbonato di sodio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: sodium bicarbonate @en
alternative label: NaHCO3 @en
hidden label: nahco3
cas number: 144-55-8
formula: NaHCO3
molar mass: 84.01
physical state: solid

cloruro di sodio
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: sodium chloride @en
alternative label: sale
alternative label: salgemma
hidden label: cloruro_di_sodio
cas number: 7647-14-5
formula: NaCl
molar mass: 58.44
physical state: solid

idrossido di sodio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
type: Utility
label: sodium hydroxide @en
alternative label: caustic soda @en
alternative label: caustic soda for caustic wash @en
alternative label: soda caustica
alternative label: soda caustica per caustic wash
hidden label: idrossido_di_sodio
hidden label: soda_caustica
hidden label: soda_caustica_naoh
cas number: 1310-73-2
formula: NaOH
molar mass: 39.997
physical state: solid

polimerizzazione fase solida SSP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Polycondensation
label: solid state polymerization SSP @en

Filiera soda Solvay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Solvay soda ash pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera carbonato di sodio
alternative label: filiera soda Solvay
hidden label: filiera_carbonato_sodio
hidden label: filiera_solvay

distillatore Solvay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Solvay still @en
comment: Distillatore per il recupero NH3 dal filtrato NH4Cl.

torre Solvay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: Solvay tower @en
comment: Colonna di carbonatazione del processo Solvay, alta ~25 m con raffreddamento progressivo.

sfalerite
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: sphalerite @en
comment: Principale minerale di Zn, solfuro.
alternative label: ZnS @en
hidden label: zns
formula: ZnS
molar mass: 97.47
physical state: solid

condensatore zinco splash
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: splash zinc condenser @en

ferro spugna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: DRI @en
comment: Ferro ridotto direttamente, Fe metallizzato ~93% mantenendo forma pellet.
alternative label: DRI sponge @en
alternative label: HBI hot-briquetted iron @en
alternative label: sponge iron @en
hidden label: hbi
hidden label: sponge_iron

vapore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: steam @en
alternative label: vapore acqueo
hidden label: vapore_acqueo

steam reforming
type: NamedIndividual
type: SteamReforming
alternative label: SMR @en
alternative label: reforming del metano

acciaio
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: steel @en
comment: Lega Fe-C con C < 2%, prodotto del BOF/EAF.
physical state: solid

Filiera acciaio (altoforno + BOF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Steel BF+BOF pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera acciaio
hidden label: filiera_acciaio

Filiera acciaio DRI-H2 + EAF
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Steel DRI-H2 EAF pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera acciaio DRI
alternative label: filiera acciaio verde
hidden label: filiera_acciaio_dri
hidden label: filiera_acciaio_verde

forno ad arco sommerso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: submerged arc furnace @en
comment: Forno usato nella riduzione carbotermica della silice.
alternative label: SAF @en
alternative label: forno elettrico ad arco

zolfo
type: NamedIndividual
type: RawMaterial
label: sulfur @en
formula: S
molar mass: 32.06
physical state: molten

bruciatura zolfo
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: sulfur burning @en

anidride solforosa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: sulfur dioxide @en
hidden label: anidride_solforosa
cas number: 7446-09-5
formula: SO2
molar mass: 64.066
physical state: gas

triossido di zolfo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: sulfur trioxide @en
formula: SO3
molar mass: 80.06

acido solforico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: sulfuric acid @en
comment: Byproduct economicamente fondamentale dell'estrazione del rame da minerali solfidrici.
hidden label: acido_solforico
cas number: 7664-93-9
formula: H2SO4
molar mass: 98.079
physical state: liquid

Filiera H2SO4 da zolfo elementale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Sulfuric acid from sulfur pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera H2SO4 primario
hidden label: filiera_h2so4_primario

Impianto H2SO4
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: Sulfuric acid plant @en

attacco solforico
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: sulfuric attack @en

syngas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: synthesis gas @en
alternative label: gas di sintesi
formula: H2 + CO (miscela)
physical state: gas

tri-glicole etilenico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Byproduct
label: TEG @en
alternative label: triethylene glycol @en

C4AF
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Fase ferritica del clinker, colore grigio scuro.
alternative label: brownmillerite @en
alternative label: tetracalcium aluminoferrite @en
alternative label: ferrite tetracalcica
hidden label: ferrite_tetracalcica
formula: 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3

Sn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst

bagno di stagno (apparato)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: tin bath (apparatus) @en

bagno di stagno
type: NamedIndividual
type: FloatBathProcess
label: tin float bath @en

TLE exchanger
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: transfer line exchanger @en

TLE quench
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: transfer line exchanger quench @en

aluminato tricalcico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: tricalcium aluminate @en
comment: Fase del clinker, presa rapida controllata col gesso.
alternative label: C3A @en
hidden label: c3a
formula: 3CaO·Al2O3

reformer tubolare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: tubular steam reformer @en

urea
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
cas number: 57-13-6
formula: H2N-CO-NH2
molar mass: 60.06
physical state: solid

reattore urea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: urea reactor @en

sintesi urea
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOperation
label: urea synthesis @en

pentaossido di vanadio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: vanadium pentoxide @en
formula: V2O5

cloruro di vinile
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: VCM @en
alternative label: vinyl chloride monomer @en
formula: CH2=CHCl
molar mass: 62.50
physical state: gas

polimerizzazione VCM
type: NamedIndividual
type: PolymerizationReactorProcess
label: VCM polymerization @en

forno verticale a calce
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: vertical lime kiln @en

mulino verticale a rulli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: vertical roller mill @en

caldaia di recupero
type: NamedIndividual
type: Equipment
label: waste heat boiler @en

acqua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Utility
label: water @en
hidden label: acqua
cas number: 7732-18-5
formula: H2O
molar mass: 18.015
physical state: liquid

water gas shift
type: NamedIndividual
type: CatalyticReactorProcess
alternative label: WGS @en

white matte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
comment: Matte arricchita Ni-Cu post-conversione.

catalizzatore Ziegler-Natta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Catalyst
label: Ziegler-Natta catalyst @en
comment: Catalizzatore coordinato per HDPE e PP isotattico.
formula: TiCl4/MgCl2 + AlEt3

zinco
type: NamedIndividual
type: FinalProduct
label: zinc @en
alternative label: Zn @en
hidden label: zn
cas number: 7440-66-6
formula: Zn
molar mass: 65.38
physical state: solid

calcine di zinco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: zinc calcine @en
comment: ZnO con impurezze, prodotto arrostimento Zn.

elettrolisi Zn
type: NamedIndividual
type: AqueousElectrolysis
label: zinc electrowinning @en

Filiera zinco idrometallurgico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pipeline
label: Zinc hydrometallurgy pipeline @en
alternative label: filiera zinco
hidden label: filiera_zinco

ossido di zinco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: zinc oxide @en
alternative label: ZnO @en
hidden label: zno
formula: ZnO
molar mass: 81.38
physical state: solid

arrostimento Zn
type: NamedIndividual
type: PyrometallurgicalProcess
type: Roasting
label: zinc roasting @en

solfato di zinco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Intermediate
label: zinc sulfate @en
alternative label: ZnSO4 @en
hidden label: znso4
formula: ZnSO4
molar mass: 161.47
physical state: aqueous

purificazione con polveri Zn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cementation
label: Zn powder cementation @en